“The First Killer Whale” snow sculpture created during Carve Tahoe event, Northstar California

This snow sculpture with the title “The First Killer Whale” was created by Team Yukon Canada at the international snow sculpturing event Carve Tahoe. Visitors could walk around this and seven other sculptures standing next to the Northstar Village near Truckee, California.

The snow artists—Donald Watt, Ken Anderson and Michael Lane—introduced their work as follows:

There was [a] man who became a castaway on an island. He wanted to get back to the mainland and his people. He felt that if he carved a fish from the wood on the island he could ride it back to the distant shore. He carved many different fish from different kinds of wood. None of them had the spirit inside them to awaken the wood and save the man. That was until he carved his fish from Yellow Cedar and the wood was full of a spirit. When he cut the hole in the fin it came alive and he was able to hold on to its fin and ride back to the safety of the mainland.

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Team USA Wisconsin's “Reflection” snow sculpture created during Carve Tahoe event, Northstar California

This snow sculpture is named “Reflection,” capturing “the magic of the moment, the memories of life's journey.” It was created by Team USA Wisconsin at the international snow sculpturing event Carve Tahoe. Visitors could walk around this and seven other sculptures standing next to the Northstar Village near Truckee, California.

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“Battle” snow sculpture created during Carve Tahoe event, Northstar California

The picture shows the upper part of the snow sculpture named “Battle.” This detailed composition was created by Team Mongolia at the international snow sculpturing event Carve Tahoe. Visitors could walk around this and seven other sculptures standing next to the Northstar Village near Truckee, California.

The artists—Batmunkh Govisaikhan and Altanbayar—explain the sculptured battle as  “legendary Mongolian knights overcoming evil to bring back peace.”

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“The Fish Eaters” snow sculpture at Northstar California

This snow sculpture with the title Kooyooe TuKadu “The Fish Eaters” was created by Team Tahoe Truckee at the international snow sculpturing event Carve Tahoe. Visitors could walk around this and seven other sculptures standing next to the Northstar Village near Truckee, California.

The artists—Ira Kessey, Ed Winslow and Mark Davis—introduced the fish eaters as follows:

In the early 1800s a young Paiute Indian Chief and his Tribe were living in the Pyramid Lake region. The 121 mile river that flows into the unique lake also starts at another unique lake. The crystal clear jewel is Da Aw...Lake Tahoe. There are many accounts of how Chief Truckee got his name, but his reply of Tro Kay or To ge'yee, in the Paiute language meaning “All Right.”

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Off the Steamboat Ditch Trail: a once-yellow-painted concrete arrow helped airmail pilots finding their transcontinental route

The history of the Emigrant Trail and the fate of the Donner Party around Donner Lake and Roller Pass south of today's Mt. Judah Loop Trail is well known and belongs to common lore of Reno-Tahoe residents. The above-the-ground version of transcontinental ambitions is much less known: in the 1920s, when transcontinental paths and railroad connections had been well established, U.S. airmail pilots began navigating between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Next to the Washoe County Regional Parks & Open Space Department at Plumas Street in Reno, a plaque marks the site of the Reno Air Mail Field (now the site of the Washoe County Golf Course), which was once operated by the United States Post Office Department Trans-Continental Air Mail Service. The plaque tells us that the first scheduled mail-plane landed there on September 9, 1920. The above picture shows the plaque's relief sculpture illustrating a historic U.S. airmail plane (top picture).

East-pointing arrow with Verdi Range in the background

Such open-cockpit biplanes were typically flown by young, military-trained pilots. A system of concrete arrows and airmail beacons was then installed across the United States [1]. Guy Clifton writes that to help fliers “successfully navigate the route between New York and San Francisco, the arrows (usually painted yellow) and an accompanying tower equipped with a gas-powered beacon were installed at roughly 10-mile intervals across the country.” [2]

Steamboat Ditch Hole and trail ascending to the arrow

One of those ground-based landmarks for flight guidance still exists between Reno and Verdi off the Steamboat Ditch Trail above the two holes in the wall. The right-side picture shows the steep trail ascending from the Reno-side hole to the ridge. Once on top, turn right and follow the dirt-road trail north to its end. While enjoying views of the Verdi Range, Peavine Peak and the Truckee River, you may finally realize you are treading or standing on a concrete slab, unless you already saw it on your approach. That's it: a weathered and cracked arrow (shown above) pointing towards northwest Reno, Elko—and New York. Hikers and mountain bikers are often coming up and meet for a “break at the arrow.” Obviously, there are higher locations all around. But, I guess, the actual arrow-site was chosen to direct planes along a flight closely following the Truckee River Valley.

From the east, planes came via Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah, across Nevada to continue to San Francisco, California [3]:

The initial westbound trip was made at the rate of 80 miles per hour and was flown without a forced landing, either for weather or mechanical trouble. The plane carried 16,000 letters, which arrived in San Francisco 22 hours ahead of the best possible time by train, had the train made all its connections.

Like the early emigrants and Pony Express riders, the pioneer pilots had to manage all kinds of weather and sometimes fight a blizzard. Infrequently, the arrows must have been covered by snow and pilots only had landscape features and the beacons to spot for orientation. With the emergence of the radar era, the arrow-beacon system became obsolete.  To commemorate the pre-radar navigation system, the preservation of the slowly sliding Reno concrete arrow—the Steamboat Trail Arrow—would be a nice achievement. Guy Clifton writes about Nevada history buff Marvin Mattson, who likes to see this happen:   

The ultimate goal, he [Marvin Mattson] said, would be preserving a unique piece of Reno and Nevada history. While there are many historical markers and references to the Pony Express route and former stations in Nevada, there is little recognition of the airmail service.

I guess, there is some difficulty in convincing people to preserve concrete slabs. But it should be worth while to keep history visible within our landscape. And outdoor enthusiasts will certainly appreciate a concrete arrow viewing terrace above the Truckee river.

View of the Truckee river from the site of the concrete arrow

 
Keywords: aviation history, air mail, transcontinental flights.

References and more to explore
[1] Concrete Arrows and the U.S. Airmail Beacon System: sometimes-interesting.com/2013/12/04/concrete-arrows-and-the-u-s-airmail-beacon-system/
[2] Guy Clifton: Pointing the Way. Mysterious concrete arrow tells of Reno's airmail history. Reno Gazette-Journal, January 12, 2014, pages 1D and 4D (also see the online update, January 15, 2013).
[3] Air Mail Pioneers: www.airmailpioneers.org/history/Sagahistory.htm.

Walking through time from Kingston Saint Mary to Kilve Beach in Somerset, England

The Quantock Hills, or Quantocks for short, are carboniferous limestone and sandstone formations in southwestern England—at least 350 million years old. These hills at the eastern end of the Exmoor National Park in the county of Somerset exhibit thick sequences of slates and sandstones of Devonian age that were deposited by large deltas that built out into a shallow sea [1]. Today, the Quantocks—with their landscape mosaic of heathland hill tops and valley woodlands—are a great place for hiking, biking and horseback riding, providing views of the Bristol Channel and Wales further north [2].

Over the recent years, the Quantocks have also turned into a hot spot of evotourism. An annual event combines walking, science of evolution and art happenings: a social and evotouristic pilgrimage takes place along the Ancestor's Trail between the village of Kingston Saint Mary and the fossil-rich beach at Klive at the Bristol Channel [3,4]. Inspired by Richard Dawkins' book The Ancestor's Tale, this footpath celebrates the Tree of Life and guides outdoor and biodiversity enthusiasts along a time line from the present day—via “natural selection events”—back to the origin of life; as it currently is scientifically understood.

Jerry Adler participated in such a “reverse re-enacting evolution” walk, describing steps and stages of the metaphorical voyage backward through 3.5 billion years. Adler, a former Newsweek editor, also highlights the contribution of the naturalist and explorer Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) to evolutionary biology, who so often is overlooked in the history of life science, as only Charles Darwin (1809-1882) is credited for gaining the breaking insight [4]:

Although Wallace's theory was essentially the same as Darwin's, and presented in London at the same time, Darwin is the most famous (and reviled) scientist of the 19th century, while Wallace is known mostly to students and specialists. “I always had a soft spot for Wallace myself,” says [Chris] Jenord [walk leader].  “It's a little bit of the British underdog thing, the question of fair play. And the fact that he achieved so much coming from an underprivileged background”—in contrast to Darwin's country-gentry origins. A day before our hike, the Ancestor's Trail group organized a conference in Bristol commemorating the centennial of Wallace's death, intended in part to raise money for a Wallace statue in the Natural History Museum, a project that had languished for the last hunderd years. 

Finally, a bronze statue of Wallace by sculptor Anthony Smith was installed in November 2013 [5]: the statue depicts the moment when, in the rainforest of the Indonesian Bacan Island, Wallace sees the magnificient male of the golden birdwing butterfly (Ornithoptera croesus)—one of the hundreds of butterfly species he discovered in the Malay Archipelago. Wallace truly traveled through time and space in search of the branches of the Tree of Life.

Keywords: evotourism, time traveling, origins of species, evolutionary theory, biology, palaeontology, history.

References and more to explore
[1] Natural England: Somerset [www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/geodiversity/englands/counties/area_ID30.aspx].
[2] National Trust: Explore the Quantock Hills [www.nationaltrust.org.uk/article-1356397357621/].
[3] Ancestor's Trail: a pilgrimage to the dawn of life [ancestorstrail.net/].
[4] Jerry Adler and photographer Stuart Conway: Time Travelers: Walking the Ancestor's Trail. Smithsonian 2014, 44 (9), pp. 40-47 [Take a Hike on Britain's Ancestor's Trail and Travel Back 100 Million Years].
[5] The Alfred Russel Wallace Website: A Bronze Statue of Wallace: A lasting legacy of 2013  [wallacefund.info/bronze-statue-wallace].

Are there skiing petroglyphs in western North America?

How did skiing evolve? Humans have always been on the move. And through snow, they often moved by skiing—maybe. In various parts of Eurasia, including northern Europe, Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia and China's Xingjiang Prefecture, wooden artifacts have been unearthed that are providing evidence of early ski design and use. Long before skiing became a winter sport, it probably was part of hunting adventures in the snowscape.

Shan Zhaojian, a Chinese ski historian, is convinced that China is the birthplace of skiing [1]. In the Chinese Altay Mountains skiing is an ancient culture. Mark Jenkins and Jonas Bendiksen have recently presented a ski chronology of archaeological discoveries, illustrating variations in ski crafting and adaption of design for terrain and snow conditions [2]. Early wooden skis typically had bottoms covered with fur. Besides the evidence derived by studying old skies preserved in bogs, researchers have recently found ski petroglyphs in Norway and China. Those petroglyphs clearly show skiers on their gliding boards [2]:

Within the Altay, a handful of petroglyphs have been discovered depicting archaic skiing scenes, including one of a human figure on skis chasing an ibex. Since petroglyphs are notoriously hard to date, it remains a controversial clue in the debate over where skiing was born. Chinese archaeologists contend it was carved 5,000 years ago. Others say it is probably only 3,000 years old. The oldest written record that alludes to skiing, a Chinese text, also points to the Altay but dates to the Western Han dynasty, which began in 206 B.C.

Since North America is rich in rock art and petroglyphs—take, as examples, the Lagomarsino and Thomas Creek sites next to mountain regions with winter snow—one may wonder if not-yet-discovered petroglyphs with skiing scenes exist that record ancient American ski-using cultures. Until new evidence is found, American ski history will be taught to have originated from gold-rush miners traveling and racing on skis in the Sierra Nevada. In the 1860s skiers were competing around Eureka Peak in Plumas County, California, on longboards—12-foot Norwegian-style skis. They reached speeds of more than 80 mph on straight courses and used long ski poles carried between the legs as a brake [3].

Modern skiers chase for fun as well as gold, silver and bronze medailles. How many of them are aware that their sport has such deep roots in human history?

Keywords: history, anthropology, archaeology, hunting, winter activities, snowscape.

References and more to explore
[1]  Dale Atkins: China - Birthplace of Skiing.  Recco Professionals blog, February 28, 2011 [reccoprofessionals.wordpress.com/2011/02/28/china-birthplace-of-skiing].
[2] Mark Jenkins and photographer Jonas Bendiksen: On the Trail with the First Skiers. National Geographic, December 2013, 224 (6), pp. 84-101 [ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/12/first-skiers/jenkins-text].
[3] Plumas-Eureka State Park brochure: www.parks.ca.gov/pages/507/files/PlumasEurWebPDF.pdf.